PRE-JURY 2

Eames House

The main reference of my project is the Eames house in terms of the idea of visibility that provides by transparency. In that way the house has the “visual communications”. It has the communication among the house and it’s surroundings and also interior of the house itself. Also there are two separate volumes visually connected and creates a courtyard. That condition applied in where the volumes see each other they are totally connected in the visual sence therefore there are no private space walls in that relation.

The Glass House by Philip Johnson& Farnsworth House by Mies van der Rohe

So the idea of visibility leads to analyze the Glass House and the Farnsworth House which they occured the total glass facade. Johnson influenced the Farnsworth House during the process of design. That is why they are so similar. They have the condition of having a central private space separation by walls and also using the advantage of trees to covering in common which gives a reference.

The house’s site refers the Pleated House and the first volume is for the public spaces therefore it contains closed parts in the middle. And the second one is for the owners of the house and the interior spaces are all continious. For protecting their privacy the courtyard of the house is ends and it provides by a pool and trees for visitors to not pass. Also there is a smaller courtyard for the owners and all of them has the different levels of enclosure like Farnsworth House. The walls in the house is arranged for detaching the visual relations in private parts. The long exterior wall works both for carring and separating like in the Prince Phillip Residence.

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SUGGESTION FOR JURY BUDDY

COLOSSEUM

The Colosseum is an elliptical amphitheatre which located just east of the Roman Forum in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone and also it is the largest amphitheatre ever built and is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 72 AD as a gift to the Roman people. In 80 AD, Vespasian’s son Titus opened the Colosseum with 100 days of games, including gladiatoral combats and wild animal fights. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian. These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty therefore, Colosseum is officially known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.

HISTORY

Even after the decadent Roman emperor Nero took his own life in 68 AD, his misrule and excesses fueled a series of civil wars. The Flavian emperors, as Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian were known, attempted to tone down the excesses of the Roman court, restore Senate authority and promote public welfare. Around 70 AD, Vespasian returned to the Roman people the lush land near the city, where Nero had built an enormous palace for himself after a great fire ripped through Rome in 64 AD. On the site of that Golden Palace , he decreed, would be built a new amphitheatre where the public could enjoy gladiatorial contests, public spectacles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, dramas based on Classical mythology and other forms of entertainment.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian’s death in 79 AD. The top level was finished and building inaugrated by his son, Titus, in 80 and remodelled further under Vespasian’s younger son, the newly designated emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity. In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire which destroyed the wooden upper levels of it’s interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 and again 320. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435. An inscription records restoration of various part of the Colosseum under Theodosius and Valentinian (reigned 425-455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 and more work followed. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late of 6th century a small church had been built into the structure, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer side, lying on a less stable alluvial terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of of stone, which was reused elsewhere or was burned to make quicklime. The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, church officals sought a productive role for Colosseum. Pope Sixtus planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome’s prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its us efor bullfights however, public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned. In 1749, Pope Benedict endorsed the view that Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of Colosseum and consecrated the building. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1800s and was fully exposed under Mussolini in 1930s.

Exterior:

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and 189 meters long and 156 meters wide, with a base area of 24.000 . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters. The perimeter originally measured 545 meters. The central arena is an oval 87 meters long and 55 meters wide, surrounded by a wall 5 meters high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The distinctive exterior had three stories of arched entrances supported by semi-circular columns. Each story contained columns of a different order: at the bottom were columns of the relatively simple Doric order, followed by Ionic order and topped by the ornate Corinthian order. Located just near the main entrance to the Colosseum was the Arch of Constantine, built in 315 AD in honor of Constantine’s victory over Maxentius at Pons Milvius.

2040 mast corbles were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators.

Entrance:

The Colosseum’s huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by 80 enterances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entarnce was reserved for the Roman emperor and his aides, the other three axial entrance were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with collapse of the perimeter wall but 23 to 54 still survive.

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria, passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below of behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. Although entrance was free for all, a strict plan regulated where one could seat on the amphitheater’s four levels of seating.

Interior:

Levels of seating:

The imperial box (pulvinar) was at the centre of the bottom of the North side.

Arena:

The performances took place was known after the sand scattered over it to soak up the blood of combats. It was seperated from the seating by a high parapet, so that the senators in the front stalls were in no danger. With excellent acoustics and steeply raked seating, it provided good viewing of the fights between the different types of gladiators.

Hypogeum:

It consisted of a two level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. 80 vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms called hegmata provided access for elephants and the like. The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables.

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the major hydraulic mechanisms.

COLOSSEUM TODAY

By the 20th century a combination of weather, natural disasters, neglect and vandalism had destroyed nearly of the original Colosseum, including all of the arena’s marble seats and its decorative elements. Restoration efforts began in the 1990s and have been proceeded over the years, as the Colosseum continues to be leading attraction for tourists from all over the world.

 

 

Women’s Lıfe ın Ancıent Egypt

From the earliest preserved records, compare with the other civilizations among the same period, the Ancient Egypt was ahead of their time in terms of equivalency between genders. Eventhough, men had more power for controlling traditionally, it was not a strict border. Women had opportunity to rule the country and they had a huge impact on society. Women had more rights and more independence in contrast to other societies.It shows that, in the legal formal status, women had nearly the same identity with Egyptian men. Egyptian women were able to acquire properties on their own names and they had a right to participate civil court cases and juries and they could be witness. Also, in Ancient Egypt women were treated with respect and had equal human rights at least in theory. In the literary materials and documentaries it can be understood that the difference between the legal rights and social status for women is existing.According to the Egyptian civil law in Old Kingdom period, there were evidences for women took a part in economy.But much of the documents are belong to the New Kingdom of Egypt and they showed the economic role of women which is the payed taxes of farmlands from the owners. Recorded list shows that, of the 2110 parcels of lands there were 228 women owner which is over ten percent. Another aspect on having property requires the married couples.It showhed that, husband can not disposed the common property without wife’s permission.Marriage was almost like a duty and people can marry from their close relavites such as cousins and brothers and sisters especially for the protection of royal genetics in the dynasty. However, there were no legal or religious ceremonies for establishing the marriage. Ideal age for women to get married is between 12 -14 but for men it is little older such as 16 to 20. If a woman had a property from her family or her own before the marriage, those goods will still keep belong to her. Also, groom had to give presents for the bride and bride’s family before the marriage. Most of the women got pregnant after a marriage for in a short time and the responsibility of children belong to them also.On the other hand, it was not strict rule to getting married. A women had a right to not marry anyone or marry again with another man after a divorce. Although marriage was really important and took very seriously by the Eqyptian society, divorce was not rare event. Moreover, divorce and remarriage was really common in Ancient Egypt. If husband wanted to get divorce, he had to pay her as a return but if wife wanted to divorce him there was no fine.Also she could keep the properties that were recieved from her older husband even if she wants to get married again.In addition to that, the reflection of this ideal equality had a big effect on Ancient Egyptians. So, gods and supernatural beliefs take the shape of their general point of view. Egyptians had both gods and goddess with the same importance in their beliefs. As an example of that, Isıs was the one of the main goddess in ancient Egypt. She is the wife and sister of the Osiris and also mother of the Horus.Isıs was accepted as, a living connection between the gods and human kind. She was also considered as a life source for the society regarding to the myth of the revival of Osiris.She is the goddess of marriage and healing. There was another goddess named Bastet who protects women’s life, their environment and their secrets especially she protected the pregnant women and their children, she also participated the celebration events. So, it is obvious that, women had make a very powerful effect on Egyptian religion in ancient times. In ancient Egyptian religion there was another religious concept as “ God’s Wives”. In those times this kind of a denomination had seen as a sign of power above the other members of the society. Also, Amunet is the wife of Amun and she is one the goddess of creation and Anput is the goddess of the Upper Egypt. Anuket is the goddess of Nile river which is the most essential life source of Egypt. Hathor is the goddess of love and music. Kebechet is the goddess of wandering and also known as the purification goddess. Ma’at is the goddess of justice, order and truth. Nut as the goddess of sky and stars. Pakhet is goddess of war and motherhood at the sametime. Qetesh is the fertility goddess. All these goddess showed that, women figure kept a important role on the ancient Egypt religios.level of freedom gave women a opportunity to rule the country. During the era of ancient Egypt, there were really important female pharaohs and leaders lived and ruled.Hatshepsut was the very well known and full authority female pharaoh in ancient Egypt during the period of 18^th dynasty which is the New Kingdom era. Her name means “ Foremost of Noble Women”. She had to have a reflection of a male ruler to hide her feminine identity in order to protect her puissance. So she made masculine additions into her name and put facial hair to look like a man in her portreits. As a big ruler, she had many major accomplishments. She established trade routes and create networks within them. Her era was mainly peacefully. Her main efford was on construction projects. She worked with the architect Ineni for those buildings who also worked for her father and her husband. Her aim was not only elevate her name but also she wanted the honored the gods. As a monumental building she constructed the Temple of Karnak. She restored the Precinct of Mut which is another temple named after the ancient goddesses of Egypt. Another building project of hers was Chapelle Rouge that stands between her twin obelisks and those obelisks are tallest ones in the world which survived in ancient times. The other very important architectural building of hers was the Deir El-Bahri. That is a great accomplisment in world of architecture. It has a colonnaded structure in design with a great harmony and symmetry. Other pharaohs who came after her, tried to associate their building complexes with hers, therefore the temple’s entrence also called the Valley of the Kings. After her death, Tuthmose III became a pharoah and he destroyed the all evidence which belongs to his step mother Hatshepsut and tried to make her name disappear from the history. Main reason of this is, he affraid of the inspiration for the other women to follow her leads and her power.Another very influential and remembered female Egyptian leader was Nefertiti. She was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten. They ruled together in 18^th Dynasty of ancient Egypt. Her name means “ the beautiful one has come”. During their period, they made many major changes mostly in religios system. They closed the temples and forbid their usages for the society. They established Aten the one true god of creation and the only powerful god. It was a religious revolution in that era. The god Aten was represented as a sun disc incontrast the previous god representations of ancient Egypt. This occasion considered as the begining of the monotheism in religion. Because of that changes, citizens had disturbed and as a reaction of that, after their death what they tried to achive had vanished and Nefertiti’s records were disappear from the history.

Walter Gropıus

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883-5 July 1969) was born in Berlin. In 1914 he served as sergeant and as a liutenant in the First World War. Then, he decided to became an architect like his father and his great-uncle. He studied architecture in Munich and Berlin for four semesters. Due to he could not draw, he was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career. He hired an assistant to complete his projects in his school life. After the graduation, he traveled Europe for a year then joined the office of the famous architect and industrial designer Peter Behrens who was one of the first members of the utilitarian school. Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Dietrich Marcks were his fellow employees at this time.

In 1910 Gropius left the office of Behrens and he established a architectural practice in Berlin with Adolf Meyer. Together they designed the Faguswerk Factory for a shoe company which is one of the modernist building created in this period.

The building demonstrated the modernist principle that ‘form reflects function’ and Gropius’s concern with providing healthy conditions for the working class although they only designed the facade. The building was made of glass and steel with large windows to let light inside. They kept the design simple, did not apply any ornament on the surface unlike the other buildings of that era. So, the factory often considered as the first modern building.

Gropius was one of the founding fathers of modernism and the founder of the Bauhaus, the German “school of building” that embraced elements of art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design and typography in its design, development and production. Gropius also contributed with published writings, discussing the Bauhaus Manifesto, the role of the artist and the artist’s relationship to his or her work. After immigrating to the United States, Gropius continued his teachings and exploring the Bauhaus ideal.